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Sulfur (Lamp and Granular)

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sulfuric acid

Chemical, Acid

Sulfuric acid is one of the strongest, most widely used, and most important inorganic acids in the global chemical industry.
With the chemical formula H₂SO₄, it is a colorless, odorless, oily liquid that is highly corrosive and readily soluble in water, releasing a large amount of heat upon dissolution.

Chemical Structure

Molecular Formula: H₂SO₄
Structure: Consists of two hydrogen atoms (H⁺) and one sulfate ion (SO₄²⁻), in which sulfur is centrally bonded to four oxygen atoms.
Type of Bond: Both covalent and ionic, depending on the solvent environment.
In aqueous solution, sulfuric acid fully dissociates, releasing two protons (H⁺).

Physical and Chemical Properties

Property	Value / Description
Physical State	Clear, oily, colorless liquid
Density (at 98%)	~1.84 g/cm³
Boiling Point	337 °C
Freezing Point	10.4 °C
Solubility in Water	Very high (highly exothermic and dangerous)
pH (1% solution)	< 1 (extremely acidic)
Corrosivity	Very high — attacks metals, skin, and fibers
Flash Point	None (non-flammable but a strong oxidizer)

Major Applications of Sulfuric Acid

Chemical and Petrochemical Industries

Production of chemical fertilizers (phosphates, sulfates)
Manufacturing of phosphoric acid, sulfonation, and pigments

Battery Industry

Used as an electrolyte in lead-acid batteries (automotive and industrial)

Detergent and Cosmetic Industries

Production of surfactants, such as alkylbenzene sulfonates

Metallurgical and Mining Industries

Pickling of steel, and extraction of copper and zinc

Pharmaceutical and Laboratory Applications

Used as a catalyst and dehydrating agent in chemical synthesis

Advantages of Sulfuric Acid

Extremely strong acidity
Low cost and wide industrial availability
Versatile across numerous industrial processes
High hygroscopicity (effective drying agent)
Stable under proper storage conditions (in compatible containers)

Disadvantages and Limitations

Highly hazardous to skin, eyes, and the respiratory system
Exothermic reaction with water — requires great caution during dilution
Reacts violently with metals, bases, and combustible organic materials
Difficult handling and transportation — requires strict safety standards
Environmental risk if spilled or improperly disposed of

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Suspension Grade is one of the most widely used thermoplastic polymers, produced through the suspension polymerization process. This method results in free-flowing, fine particles that can be processed into various products. Suspension PVC (S-PVC) is known for its versatility, chemical resistance, durability, and cost-effectiveness, making it a popular choice in multiple industries.

Structure

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) suspension grade is a thermoplastic polymer produced through the suspension polymerization process. In this method, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is dispersed in water with the help of suspending agents and polymerized using free radical initiators. The resulting PVC resin consists of fine, porous, and free-flowing particles with a relatively high molecular weight, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. The polymer structure is primarily composed of repeating vinyl chloride units (–CH₂–CHCl–), forming a linear polymer chain with varying degrees of polymerization. PVC suspension grade is widely used in the manufacturing of pipes, fittings, films, sheets, and rigid as well as flexible products due to its excellent mechanical strength, durability, and chemical resistance. The properties of the resin, such as particle size, porosity, and bulk density, can be adjusted by controlling the polymerization conditions, making it versatile for different industrial applications.

Properties

PVC suspension grade exhibits a combination of excellent physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, making it highly versatile for industrial applications. It appears as a white, free-flowing powder with a bulk density ranging from 0.45 to 0.65 g/cm³ and a particle size typically between 50-250 microns. Its high porosity allows for better plasticizer absorption, making it suitable for both rigid and flexible products. Mechanically, it offers good tensile strength, typically between 40-60 MPa, and moderate to high impact resistance, which can be enhanced with additives. Chemically, PVC suspension grade is highly resistant to acids, bases, and many chemicals, ensuring durability in harsh environments. It also has low water absorption, which provides excellent dimensional stability. However, it is susceptible to UV degradation, requiring stabilizers for outdoor applications. These properties make PVC suspension grade ideal for manufacturing pipes, profiles, films, and various other rigid and flexible products.

Applications

Construction Industry: Pipes, fittings, window profiles, doors, roofing sheets
Packaging Industry: Films, sheets, bottles
Automotive Industry: Interior trims, dashboards, wire insulation
Medical Sector: Tubing, blood bags, IV containers
Electrical Applications: Cable insulation, coatings

Advantages

High durability and strength – Ideal for long-term use
Excellent chemical resistance – Withstands acids, bases, and oils
Cost-effective – Affordable compared to other polymers
Low water absorption – Ensures dimensional stability
Easily processable – Can be molded, extruded, and shaped easily
Customizable – Properties can be modified with additives

Disadvantages

UV degradation – Becomes brittle under prolonged sunlight exposure
Toxic gas release – Emits harmful gases (HCl) when burned
Health concerns – Some plasticizers used in flexible PVC may have risks
Not biodegradable – Raises environmental concerns regarding disposal

Limited high-temperature resistance – Can deform under extreme heat

Synthetic Rubber Latex

Synthetic Rubber, Rubber

Synthetic Rubber Latex is a colloidal liquid containing polymer particles dispersed in water. It is widely used in various industries due to its unique properties, such as flexibility, adhesion, and abrasion resistance. Synthetic latex is usually produced through the emulsion polymerization process.

Properties of synthetic latex

Flexibility: Synthetic latex becomes a flexible film after drying. Adhesion: Synthetic latex adheres to many surfaces and forms a seamless layer. Abrasion resistance: Some types of synthetic latex have high abrasion resistance. Heat and sound insulation: Synthetic latex is a good heat and sound insulation. Resistance to chemicals: Some types of synthetic latex are resistant to chemicals.

Applications of synthetic latex

Rubber industry: Production of car tires, shoe soles, belts and other rubber products Textile industry: Production of coated fabrics and textile adhesives Construction industry: Production of latex paints, tile and ceramic adhesives, thermal and acoustic insulation Medical industry: Production of surgical gloves, bandages and other medical products Paper industry: Production of coated papers and paper adhesives

Tackifiers

Other Agents and Auxiliaries, Rubber

Tackifiers are substances added to adhesives, inks, asphalt, and other materials to increase their initial adhesion or “tack.” In simple terms, they cause the materials to stick together and hold together until a final bond is achieved.

Why do we need adhesives?

Increasing initial adhesion: Tackifiers cause materials to stick together quickly and prevent them from slipping. Improving adhesion properties: These substances can improve other properties of the adhesive, such as flexibility, heat resistance, and chemical resistance. Adjusting viscosity: Tackifiers can adjust the viscosity (thickness) of the adhesive, allowing it to spread easily on different surfaces.

Types of Adhesives

Adhesives are divided into different types based on their origin and chemical structure: Natural adhesives: such as natural resins (such as pine resin), vegetable oils and waxes Synthetic adhesives: such as petrochemical resins (such as coumarone-indene resins), esters and synthetic polymers. Modified adhesives: Natural or synthetic adhesives that have been modified to improve their properties. Mechanism of action of adhesives Adhesives increase adhesion by creating intermolecular forces between material particles. These forces can be van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds or chemical bonds. Van der Waals forces: These forces exist between all molecules and are the weakest type of intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bonds: These bonds are created between molecules that have a hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen). Chemical bonds: These bonds are the strongest type of bonds and are created in some adhesives.

Applications of adhesives

Adhesive industry: In the production of pressure-sensitive adhesives, construction adhesives, industrial adhesives, etc. Ink industry: In the production of printing inks, industrial inks, etc. Asphalt industry: In the production of asphalt to improve adhesion between aggregates and bitumen. Rubber industry: In the production of adhesive rubbers and sealants.

Advantages of using adhesives

Increase the speed of adhesion: Causes objects to adhere to each other quickly. Increase the strength of adhesion: Causes the adhesion created to be stronger and more stable. Improving the physical properties of the adhesive: Improves the flexibility, heat resistance, and chemical resistance of the adhesive.

Tap Stabilizer

Compound & Masterbach, Heat Stabilizer

Maintaining constant conditions: During polymer processing (e.g. extrusion, injection molding), maintaining temperature, pressure, and material flow is critical to producing quality parts. Fluctuations in these conditions can lead to defects such as warping, discoloration, and changes in mechanical properties. Control: In general, polymers can undergo deformation during processing due to heat, shear stress, and oxidation. Stabilizers are added to the polymer to counteract these effects and maintain its integrity. Dimensional stability: Preventing warping and distortion: Some polymers are prone to warping or distortion after molding or during use. Stabilizers can help improve the dimensional stability of the final product by minimizing these effects. The concept of stabilization in polymer processing is crucial to ensure consistent quality, prevent degradation, and maintain the desired properties of the final product.

tartaric acid

Chemical, Acid

Tartaric acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with the chemical formula C₄H₆O₆, widely found in fruits such as grapes and tamarind. It appears as white, odorless, water-soluble crystals and is considered one of the most important organic acids in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries.

In industry, it is especially used as a pH regulator, antioxidant, and stabilizer, and it is present in a variety of products, from beverages to effervescent medications.

Structure of Tartaric Acid

Tartaric acid contains two carboxylic acid groups (–COOH) and two hydroxyl groups (–OH). Its structure includes two chiral centers, meaning it can exist in different isomeric forms, including L(+), D(−), and DL (racemic) forms. The naturally occurring and biologically active form is L(+)-tartaric acid.

Properties of Tartaric Acid

Molecular Formula: C₄H₆O₆
Molar Mass: 150.09 g/mol
Appearance: White powder or crystals
Water Solubility: Soluble
Taste: Sour
Melting Point: ~170 °C
Metal Complexing Ability: High (forms complexes with metal ions such as potassium and calcium)

Applications of Tartaric Acid

✅ Food Industry
✅ Pharmaceutical Industry
✅ Chemical and Metal Industry
✅ Cosmetic Industry

Disadvantages of Tartaric Acid

⚠️ In high doses, it may cause gastrointestinal irritation
⚠️ Potential for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals
⚠️ Decomposes at high temperatures and may lose functionality in thermal processes
⚠️ Inhalation of the powder may irritate the respiratory tract

Advantages of Tartaric Acid

✅ Natural and biodegradable
✅ Compatible with food and pharmaceutical products
✅ Enables precise pH adjustment
✅ High stability in stored products
✅ Extends shelf life of food products

کوپلیمرهای تترافلورو اتیلن/پرفلوئورو پروپیلن

TetrafluoroEthylene/perfluoroPropylene copolymers (FEP)

Thermoplastics, Polymer

Tetrafluoroethylene/Perfluoropropylene (FEP) is a melt-processable fluoropolymer composed of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP). It belongs to the family of fluoropolymers and shares many properties with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), but with enhanced processability due to the incorporation of HFP.

Structure

The structure of Tetrafluoroethylene/Perfluoropropylene (FEP) copolymer consists of a randomly distributed backbone of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) monomer units. The TFE units provide the high thermal and chemical resistance characteristic of fluoropolymers, while the HFP units introduce branching that disrupts crystallinity, enhancing flexibility and melt processability. The polymer chain is composed of repeating –CF₂–CF₂– segments from TFE and –CF₂–CF(CF₃)– segments from HFP, where the bulky trifluoromethyl (-CF₃) groups reduce intermolecular forces, lowering the melting point compared to PTFE. This molecular architecture results in a copolymer with excellent non-stick properties, chemical inertness, and transparency while being more easily processed using conventional melt-processing techniques.

Properties

Tetrafluoroethylene/Perfluoropropylene (FEP) copolymers exhibit a unique combination of thermal stability, chemical resistance, electrical insulation, and mechanical flexibility. They can withstand continuous exposure to high temperatures up to 200°C (392°F) while maintaining their structural integrity. FEP is highly resistant to a wide range of chemicals, including acids, bases, and organic solvents, making it ideal for harsh environments. Its non-stick and low-friction surface prevents adhesion and contamination, similar to PTFE. Unlike PTFE, FEP is melt-processable, allowing for fabrication through extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding. It also possesses excellent electrical insulating properties, with a low dielectric constant and high breakdown voltage, making it a preferred choice for wire and cable insulation. Additionally, FEP is optically transparent, resistant to UV radiation, and does not degrade under prolonged exposure to environmental factors, further enhancing its suitability for industrial, aerospace, and medical applications.

Applications of FEP Copolymers:

Wire & Cable Insulation: Used in aerospace, automotive, and telecommunications due to high heat and chemical resistance.
Chemical Processing Equipment: Linings for pipes, valves, and tanks in harsh chemical environments.
Medical Tubing & Catheters: Biocompatible and resistant to sterilization processes.
Food & Beverage Industry: Non-stick coatings for cooking equipment and food processing machinery.
Semiconductor Industry: Used in chip manufacturing equipment due to high purity and chemical resistance.
Heat Shrink Tubing: Provides electrical insulation and protection in extreme environments.
Optical Fiber Coatings: Protects fibers in harsh conditions without affecting signal transmission.
Laboratory Equipment: Used for beakers, flasks, and other chemical-resistant lab tools.

Advantages of FEP Copolymers:

Excellent Chemical Resistance: Inert to most acids, bases, and solvents.
High Thermal Stability: Can withstand temperatures up to ~200°C (392°F).
Non-Stick Properties: Similar to PTFE (Teflon), preventing adhesion of substances.
Low Friction: Reduces wear in moving parts and improves efficiency.
Electrical Insulation: High dielectric strength makes it ideal for electrical applications.
Transparent & UV Resistant: Can be used in optical and outdoor applications.
Biocompatibility: Safe for medical and food-contact applications.

Disadvantages of FEP Copolymers:

Lower Mechanical Strength: Weaker than PTFE in terms of tensile strength and wear resistance.
Higher Cost: More expensive than common plastics like PVC or polyethylene.
Limited Temperature Resistance: Slightly lower thermal stability than PTFE.
Difficult Processing: Requires specialized molding and extrusion techniques.
Fluorine Emission on Decomposition: Can release toxic fumes if overheated beyond its thermal limits.