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Oxalic acid

Chemical, Acid

Oxalic Acid is an organic dicarboxylic acid compound with the chemical formula C₂H₂O₄, found naturally as colorless, odorless crystals. It occurs in certain plants such as rhubarb, spinach, and beetroot and is also industrially produced for use in various sectors. Oxalic acid is particularly valued in industry for its strong metal chelating ability, making it useful in cleaning, textile, leather, and pharmaceutical applications.

Structure

Oxalic acid is the simplest dicarboxylic acid.

Chemical formula: C₂H₂O₄ or (COOH)₂
It consists of two carboxylic acid groups connected directly to each other.
It is typically found as a crystalline solid and exists as a dihydrate (with two water molecules) at room temperature.

Properties

Molar mass: 90.03 g/mol
Melting point: 101–102 °C (for the dihydrate form)
Solubility: Highly soluble in water and alcohol
Appearance: White crystals
pH (aqueous solution): Around 1.3 (strong acid in dilute solution)
Chelation ability: Strong chelator of metal ions like calcium, iron, and magnesium

Applications

Oxalic acid is used in a wide range of industries, including:

Cleaning Industry: Removes rust, ink stains, and mineral deposits
Textile and Dyeing Industry: Used as a bleaching agent and dye fixative
Leather Industry: For cleaning and preparing leather surfaces
Chemical Laboratories: As a standard reagent and chemical agent
Pharmaceutical Industry: In certain drug synthesis and raw material purification
Wood Industry: To lighten wood color and remove metal stains
Beekeeping: Used in controlled applications to combat Varroa mite infestations

Disadvantages

High toxicity: Ingestion or skin contact can be dangerous
Corrosive nature: Causes irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract
Environmental impact: Improper disposal can harm aquatic environments
Risk of kidney stone formation: If consumed, may lead to calcium oxalate kidney stones

Advantages

High efficiency in removing deposits and stains
Readily available and affordable
Strong metal ion binding capacity
Environmentally friendly in controlled industrial applications

PADOXYLATE-2EO

Chemical, Emulsifiers

It is a nonionic surfactant obtained by adding ethylene oxide gas to lauryl alcohol prepared from coconut oil. PADOXYLATE-2EO is a non-ionic surfactant that is widely used in various industries, especially in the production of detergents, cosmetics and hygiene products. It acts as an emulsifier, humectant and foaming agent, and helps improve the properties of the final products.

Structure and Properties

Structure: PADOXYLATE-2EO is produced by combining a fatty alcohol (usually alcohols derived from coconut oil) with ethylene oxide. The number 2 in the name of this substance refers to the number of ethylene oxide molecules attached to each alcohol molecule. Properties: This surfactant is a clear or yellowish oily liquid and is soluble in water. PADOXYLATE-2EO has strong emulsifying properties, good foaming and compatibility with other detergents. Also, this substance, due to its moisturizing properties, makes the skin and hair soft and supple.

PADOXYLATE-2EO Applications

- In the detergent industry as a raw material in the production of shampoos, face and body wash gels - In the cosmetic industry in the production of sunscreens, bleaching agents and hair dyes - In the paint industry as a moisturizing agent and emulsifier and uniform spreader of paint on surfaces - In the paper industry as a moisturizing agent and absorbent

Detergent Industries
Paint industry
Paper industry
Cosmetic Industries
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Benefits of Using PADOXYLATE-2EO
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Skin Compatibility: PADOXYLATE-2EO has low irritation to skin and hair due to its mild properties. Good Foaming: This surfactant creates stable and rich foams. Strong emulsifier: PADOXYLATE-2EO can emulsify oils and fats in water well. Compatibility with other materials: Compatible with many detergents and other additives.

Product Specifications

Appearance Colorless or slightly cloudy clear liquid Cloud point (oC) 50-52 pH 7-May Density 87-89 Moisture 0.1 (Max) Hydroxy number (mgKOH/g) 193-199 HLB 5.9-6.2

paraffin

Chemical, Aliphatics

Paraffin is a general term for a group of saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) primarily obtained from the distillation of crude oil, and in certain cases, from coal or natural gas. These compounds may exist in linear or branched forms. Paraffin can be found in solid, semi-solid, or liquid states, and depending on melting point, purity, molecular weight, and viscosity, it is available in various industrial, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food-grade forms.

Types of Commercial Paraffin

Commercial paraffins are generally available in two main types:

Solid Paraffin – used in candle manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and personal care industries.
Liquid Paraffin – also known as Mineral Oil, available in industrial, cosmetic (pharmaceutical), and food-grade forms.

Chemical Structure of Paraffin

General Formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ (representing saturated alkane compounds with single carbon–carbon bonds)
Structure: A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with no double bonds or rings; can be straight-chain or branched.
CAS Numbers (depending on the type):
- Liquid Paraffin: 8012-95-1
- Solid Paraffin (Paraffin Wax): 8002-74-2

Physical and Chemical Properties of Paraffin

Property	Description
Physical state	Liquid (oily) or solid (white blocks or flakes)
Color and odor	Colorless or white; odorless or very faint odor (in purified grades); lower grades may have a slight odor
Viscosity (at 40 °C)	2–30 cSt, depending on molecular weight and grade
Flash point	150 °C to 220 °C (higher for heavier grades, lower for light liquid grades)
Solubility in water	Insoluble; soluble in organic solvents such as ether, chloroform, and benzene
Chemical stability	Chemically stable and inert; resistant to dilute acids and alkalis
Biodegradability	Slowly biodegradable in the environment; industrial grades may show cumulative environmental effects

Applications of Paraffin

Cosmetic and Personal Care Industry

Paraffin is used as a base emollient and moisturizer in creams, ointments, lip balms, hair waxes, paraffin masks, and massage creams.

Pharmaceutical Industry

Used in pharmaceutical formulations for tablet coating, suppository production, and as an excipient or carrier in topical and transdermal preparations.

Food Industry

In food-grade form, paraffin is used for:

Coating fruits (e.g., apples) for gloss and preservation,
Coating chewing gum, cheeses, and dried foods to prevent moisture loss.

Candle, Match, Paint, and Rubber Industries

Solid paraffin is used in paraffin candle production, matches, shoe polish, waterproofing products, and as an additive in rubber compounding.

Industrial Lubricants

Liquid paraffin serves as a lubricating oil in textile machinery, metalworking, and light mechanical systems.

Petroleum and Drilling Industry

Used in drilling fluids as a drill oil, anti-corrosion coating, and friction-reducing agent in drilling tools.

Advantages of Paraffin

Chemically inert, non-toxic, and odorless in purified grades
Stable under various thermal and chemical conditions
Skin-compatible, suitable for cosmetic and pharmaceutical use
Low-cost, readily available, and recyclable
Resistant to weak acids and alkalis
Long-lasting and durable in industrial applications

Disadvantages of Paraffin

Flammable, especially in liquid form or under high temperatures
Petroleum-derived origin, raising environmental and sustainability concerns
May block skin pores upon prolonged contact, potentially causing acne
Lower grades may contain impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, or heavy metals
When burned, it can produce pollutants such as soot and aldehydes

Perchloroethylene is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C₂Cl₄. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a mild sweet odor. Perchloroethylene has been widely used as an industrial solvent in the past due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Due to the stability and non-flammability of carbon tetrachloride, as well as its ability to dissolve a wide range of organic materials, it is commonly used as a cleaning solvent to remove various types of impurities and stains from various surfaces. Some of the applications of PERC are as follows: Degreasing of metal surfaces and industrial equipment Removing soot from industrial furnaces Insulating and cooling fluid in electrical transformers Degassing of metal parts in the automotive industry Cleaning of grease and paint stains in the finishing stage of the textile industry Used in dry cleaning due to its stain-removing properties

Petroleum Resin

Chemical, Polymer chemical

Petroleum resin is a natural or synthetic polymer obtained from the polymerization of hydrocarbons found in crude oil. These resins are widely used in various industries due to their unique properties such as high adhesion, flexibility, resistance to heat and chemicals.

Types of Petroleum Resin

Petroleum resins are divided into different types based on the type of hydrocarbons they contain and the production method, including the following: C5 resins: Obtained from the polymerization of the C5 cut of crude oil and are used in the adhesive and printing ink industries due to their low molecular weight. C9 resins: Obtained from the polymerization of the C9 cut of crude oil and are used in the production of coatings and paints due to their high heat resistance. Dicyclopentadiene resins (DCPD): They are obtained from the polymerization of dicyclopentadiene and are used in the adhesive and sealant industries due to their high adhesion.

Properties of petroleum resin

High adhesion: Petroleum resins have excellent adhesion to various surfaces due to their specific molecular structure. Flexibility: These resins have high flexibility and can withstand mechanical stresses. Heat resistance: Some types of petroleum resins have high heat resistance and maintain their properties at high temperatures. Resistance to chemicals: Petroleum resins are resistant to many chemicals. Solubility in organic solvents: These resins are soluble in many organic solvents, which allows them to be used in various formulations.

Application of Petroleum Resin :

Adhesives & Sealants
Printing Inks
Paints & Coatings
Rubber Compounding
Tapes & Labels

Petroleum solvent 100

Chemical, Chlorinated Solvents

Petroleum Solvent 100 is a blend of various hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. It's a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive odor. This solvent is widely used in various industries due to its strong solvent properties.

Properties of Petroleum Solvent 100

Physical Properties:
- Clear, colorless liquid
- Distinctive odor
- Volatile
- Flammable
Chemical Properties:
- Good solvent for many organic compounds
- Reacts with strong oxidizing agents