Glycerol monostearate, also known as GMS, is a type of monoglyceride frequently utilized as an emulsifier, thickening agent and stabilizer in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It appears as a white, odorless, and slightly sweet-tasting flaky powder with hygroscopic properties. Chemically, it is an ester formed from glycerol and stearic acid. Additionally, it is commonly included in hydration supplements used in sports and exercise formulations.

Structure

the structure of Glycerin Monostearate (GMS) consists of a glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) backbone with one of its hydroxyl (-OH) groups esterified to stearic acid (a long-chain fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms). The remaining two hydroxyl groups on glycerol remain free, making it a monoglyceride.

Chemical Formula:

C₂₁H₄₂O₄

Properties

Glycerin Monostearate (GMS) is a white, odorless, and flaky powder or waxy solid with a slightly sweet taste. It is hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb moisture from the air. While it is insoluble in water, it disperses well in hot water and dissolves in oils and organic solvents. With a melting point of around 55–65°C (131–149°F), GMS is chemically composed of glycerol esterified with stearic acid, giving it both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. This amphiphilic nature makes it an effective emulsifier, allowing water and oil to mix in various formulations. In addition to emulsification, GMS functions as a thickening agent, anti-caking agent, moisturizer, and stabilizer. It improves texture, enhances shelf life, and prevents dryness in products ranging from food and pharmaceuticals to cosmetics and skincare.

Application

Food Industry

Acts as an emulsifier in baked goods, dairy products, and margarine to prevent oil and water separation.
Improves the texture and softness of bread, cakes, and pastries by retaining moisture.
Used in ice cream and frozen desserts to prevent ice crystal formation and enhance creaminess.
Functions as an anti-staling agent in baked goods, extending shelf life.

Pharmaceutical Industry

Used as a stabilizer in tablet formulations to enhance drug consistency.
Acts as a controlled-release agent in drug delivery systems.
Helps in the production of capsules and coatings for improved solubility and absorption.

Cosmetics & Personal Care

Found in lotions, creams, and moisturizers as a thickener and emollient to improve texture.
Used in hair care products to provide smoothness and hydration.
Functions as a moisturizer in skincare products to prevent dryness.

Sports & Health Supplements

Included in hydration powders and energy drinks to improve water absorption.
Helps retain muscle hydration and prevent dehydration during intense exercise.

Industrial Applications

Used in plastic and polymer processing as a lubricant and anti-static agent.
Found in waxes and polishes to improve consistency.
Functions as an anti-foaming agent in certain industrial processes.