Melamine is a nitrogen-rich heterocyclic organic compound with the molecular formula C₃H₆N₆.
It consists of a 1,3,5-triazine ring substituted with three amino groups.
Due to its high nitrogen content (≈66%), melamine is a key raw material for producing melamine–formaldehyde resins, which are valued for their hardness, durability, and heat resistance.

Melamine plays an important role in various industries such as resin manufacturing, laminates, molded plastics, cement additives, and flame-retardant coatings, making it a high-demand product in the construction and chemical sectors.

Chemical Structure

Molecular Formula: C₃H₆N₆
Chemical Structure: 1,3,5-triazine ring with three amino groups at positions 2, 4, and 6
IUPAC Name: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
CAS Number: 108-78-1

Physical and Chemical Properties

Property	Typical Value
Appearance	White crystalline powder or dry granules
Density (20°C)	1.57 g/cm³
Melting Point	345°C (with decomposition)
Vapor Pressure (ambient)	Negligible (<0.01 Pa)
Water Solubility	3.2 g/L at 20°C; 24 g/L at 90°C
Nitrogen Content	~66% by weight
Thermal Stability	Decomposes at high temperatures releasing nitrogen gas, providing flame-retardant properties

Key Advantages

Produces hard, scratch-resistant resins (e.g., laminates and Formica® panels)
Excellent resistance to heat, moisture, and impact
Smooth, glossy surface with long-lasting durability
Flame-retardant behavior due to nitrogen gas release during combustion
Effective flame-retardant additive in polymers and cement formulations

Limitations and Hazards

Toxicity in humans and animals: may cause kidney stones (especially with cyanuric acid exposure)
Potential liver and kidney damage with chronic exposure
Possible carcinogenicity observed in animal studies
Dust inhalation hazard: irritates skin, eyes, and respiratory tract
Dust explosion risk in storage or processing areas
Low solubility in cold water, limiting use in aqueous systems

Industrial Applications

Melamine–Formaldehyde Resin:
Used in MDF, decorative laminates, industrial adhesives, heat-resistant tableware, and kitchenware.
Melamine Foam:
Applied in cleaning sponges (Magic Erasers), sound and thermal insulation materials.
Flame Retardant Additive:
Incorporated into paints, coatings, polymers, and concrete to reduce flammability.
Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer:
Limited agricultural use due to high cost and slow decomposition rate in soil.

Safety and Handling

Main Hazards:

Oral toxicity: LD₅₀ (rat) ≈ 3161 mg/kg
Respiratory and eye irritation
Possible kidney damage after long-term exposure

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

N95 or FFP2 dust mask
Safety goggles
Chemical-resistant gloves
Protective clothing to prevent dust contact

Storage Conditions:

Keep in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area
Store away from oxidizing agents
Use sealed, clearly labeled containers
Avoid dust formation and dispersion

Emergency Measures:

Skin contact: Wash thoroughly with soap and water
Eye contact: Rinse immediately with clean water for at least 15 minutes
Inhalation: Move to fresh air immediately
Ingestion: Seek medical attention; do not induce vomiting

Melamine is an essential industrial compound known for its high nitrogen content, flame-retardant behavior, and resin-forming capability.
It remains a cornerstone material in resin production, laminates, and high-performance coatings, provided it is handled under proper safety and environmental protocols.