Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) is one of the most important white inorganic compounds, widely recognized as the primary white pigment used across various industries.
Renowned for its exceptional opacity, brilliant light reflectivity, and outstanding UV resistance, TiO₂ holds a leading position in the global pigment market.

Today, over 70% of the world’s white pigment consumption is based on TiO₂.
Due to its non-toxic nature and ability to replace lead-based pigments, it became the world’s most widely used white pigment since the early 20th century.

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History and Global Significance

The use of Titanium Dioxide dates back to the early 1900s, when industries sought a durable, safe white pigment to replace toxic lead carbonate (white lead).
Thanks to its chemical stability, brightness, and safety, TiO₂ quickly replaced lead pigments and remains the industry standard today.

By the 1920s, large-scale industrial production of TiO₂ had begun.
Owing to its safety, brightness, and efficiency, it rapidly became the dominant pigment.
Global TiO₂ consumption now exceeds 6 million tons annually, with the paint and coatings sector accounting for the majority of demand.

China, the United States, and Europe are the largest producers, and leading global brands include Kronos, Chemours, Tronox, and Lomon Billions.

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Crystal Structure and Major Grades

Titanium Dioxide occurs naturally in several crystalline forms, but Anatase and Rutile are the two most important industrial grades.

Anatase TiO₂ is favored in cosmetics and paper manufacturing for its bright white tone, while Rutile TiO₂ is preferred in industrial coatings and plastics for its superior durability and UV resistance.

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Physical and Chemical Properties

• Molecular Weight: 79.9 g/mol

• Melting Point: 1855 °C

• Density: 3.9 – 4.23 g/cm³

• Refractive Index: 2.5 – 2.7 (one of the highest among all white pigments)

• Solubility: Insoluble in water and most acids; soluble in H₂SO₄ and HF

• Appearance: Fine white, odorless, non-toxic powder

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Production Methods

1. Sulfate Process

• Raw Material: Ilmenite or natural rutile

• Reacted with sulfuric acid to form titanium sulfate

• Precipitation and calcination yield TiO₂ powder

• Advantages: Lower production cost

• Disadvantages: Higher environmental impact

2. Chloride Process

• Raw Material: Natural rutile or titanium slag

• Reacted with chlorine gas at high temperature to form titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄)

• Oxidized with oxygen to produce high-purity TiO₂

• Advantages: Superior purity and particle control

• Disadvantages: Requires advanced technology and equipment

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Applications of Titanium Dioxide

1. Paints & Coatings Industry

• Architectural paints (interior & exterior)

• Industrial and marine coatings

• Automotive and protective finishes

Key Benefits:

• Excellent hiding power and whiteness

• Strong UV and weather resistance

• Long-term color stability and durability

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2. Cosmetics & Personal Care

Titanium Dioxide is a key physical UV filter in sunscreens and is also used in:

• Foundations, powders, lipsticks, and toothpaste for brightness and coverage

Advantages:

• FDA-approved and safe in micronized form

• Non-irritating and suitable for sensitive skin

• Provides matte, natural coverage in cosmetic products

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3. Plastics Industry

• Used in white masterbatch, films, injection-molded and blow-molded products

Functions:

• Prevents discoloration and degradation from UV exposure

• Enhances brightness and surface gloss

• Improves mechanical strength and product longevity

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4. Paper Industry

• Increases whiteness and brightness

• Improves opacity and ink absorption

• Commonly used in high-grade printing and packaging papers

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5. Food & Pharmaceutical Applications

• Formerly used as white colorant E171 in confectionery, chewing gum, and tablet coatings

• Note: Since 2022, the European Union has banned its use as a food additive due to nanoparticle concerns

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6. Ceramics & Glass

• Used in ceramic glazes and porcelain coatings

• Enhances opacity or transparency depending on formulation

• Contributes to optical glass production

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7. Textiles & Synthetic Fibers

• Optical brightener for polyester and nylon fibers

• Improves UV and heat resistance

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8. Advanced and Emerging Technologies

• Nano-TiO₂ in new-generation solar cells

• Photocatalytic TiO₂ for air and water purification

• Applications in sensors, medical devices, and antimicrobial surfaces

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Advantages of Titanium Dioxide

✅ Brilliant Whiteness and Brightness
Exceptional light reflection for maximum whiteness and visual clarity.

✅ Outstanding Opacity
Excellent covering power in paints, coatings, and plastics — reducing material consumption and production cost.

✅ Superior UV Resistance
Rutile TiO₂ offers high stability under sunlight, extending product lifespan.

✅ Thermal and Chemical Stability
Remains stable under high temperatures and harsh chemical conditions.

✅ Safety and Non-Toxicity
Safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products when in micronized form.

✅ Multi-Industry Usability
Used across coatings, plastics, cosmetics, paper, ceramics, textiles, and more.

✅ Enhanced Product Quality
Improves brightness, color uniformity, opacity, and printability.

✅ High-Tech Applications
Nanoscale TiO₂ is vital in photocatalysis, renewable energy, and advanced materials research.

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Limitations of Titanium Dioxide

⚠️ Higher Cost
More expensive than other white pigments such as calcium carbonate or zinc oxide.

⚠️ Dispersion Challenges
Requires proper dispersion to ensure even coverage and color consistency.

⚠️ Food-Use Restriction
The EU banned TiO₂ (E171) in food applications in 2022.

⚠️ Inhalation Hazard
Fine TiO₂ dust can cause respiratory irritation; appropriate ventilation and PPE are required.

⚠️ Nanoparticle Concerns
Some studies suggest possible long-term environmental and health impacts of nano-sized TiO₂.

⚠️ Process Sensitivity
Quality depends on production method, particle size, and coating — small deviations can affect opacity and brightness.

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Safety & Storage Guidelines

• Storage Conditions: Keep in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight

• Personal Protection: Use respirators, gloves, and safety goggles when handling powder

• Potential Risks: Inhalation of fine dust may cause irritation

• Regulatory Standards:

  • OSHA (USA): Permissible exposure limit 15 mg/m³

  • NIOSH: Recommends ventilation and use of filtered masks

  • FDA: Approved for cosmetic use

  • EFSA: Banned in food-grade form (E171) within the EU

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Comparison with Other White Pigments

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TiO₂ Grades

• Anatase Grade:
  Higher whiteness — ideal for cosmetics, paper, and interior paints.

• Rutile Grade:
  Superior light and heat resistance — suited for industrial coatings, plastics, and outdoor applications.

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Purchasing Titanium Dioxide

Selecting the right TiO₂ grade (Anatase or Rutile) is critical for achieving the desired product performance.

Our company offers:

• Direct sourcing from certified global producers

• Technical consultation for grade selection

• Competitive pricing aligned with international market trends

📞 Contact our technical experts today for free consultation and up-to-date TiO₂ pricing.

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Frequently Asked Questions Titanium Dioxide

1️⃣ What’s the difference between Anatase and Rutile TiO₂?
Anatase provides higher brightness; Rutile offers superior UV and weather resistance.

2️⃣ Is Titanium Dioxide safe in cosmetics?
Yes. In micronized form, TiO₂ is FDA-approved and safe for topical use.

3️⃣ Why was TiO₂ banned in food applications?
Due to concerns regarding nanoparticle behavior, the EFSA prohibited its use as food additive E171 in 2022.

4️⃣ Is Titanium Dioxide carcinogenic?
Prolonged inhalation of high dust levels may pose risks in laboratory animals, but industrial and cosmetic uses are considered safe.

5️⃣ What factors influence TiO₂ pricing?
Grade, purity, origin, order volume, and fluctuations in the global raw material market.